Canada has long been a top destination for international students, with over one million studying at various academic levels in 2023. Their contributions to the economy and society are immense, bringing billions of dollars into the Canadian economy while enriching the country’s cultural diversity. However, recent policy changes and increased scrutiny have made the environment more challenging for these students and the institutions that host them.

In response to concerns about immigration’s impact on housing, employment, and public services, the Canadian federal government has implemented a two-year cap on international student permits. This decision will reduce undergraduate admissions by 35% in 2024 and an additional 10% in 2025. While the policy aims to address pressing economic and social issues, it has sparked controversy and left many students in a state of uncertainty.

Research on International Student Experiences

A longitudinal study at Thompson Rivers University (TRU) sheds light on the lived experiences of international students amid these policy changes. Led by researchers alongside graduate student assistants Surbhi Sagar and Athira Pushpamgathan, the study includes surveys and interviews conducted with international students at TRU between 2016 and 2024.

The findings reveal significant challenges in housing and financial stability. Over 55% of surveyed students reported difficulty finding suitable accommodations, often facing systemic racial discrimination in the rental market. Many students also expressed financial insecurity, with approximately one-third indicating insufficient financial support or uncertainty about their financial situation.

Housing and Financial Struggles

Housing availability and affordability have worsened over the past decade. The growing demand for rental properties, coupled with inflation and a competitive housing market, has made securing accommodations increasingly difficult for international students. Discrimination further compounds these challenges, with students reporting bias from landlords when trying to secure or renew leases. One student described a landlord threatening to revoke their student visa when they attempted to renegotiate a lease.

Financial difficulties are another significant concern. Many international students rely on part-time jobs to support themselves, yet restrictions on work hours and difficulties in finding employment make financial stability precarious. The rising cost of living in Canada has only intensified these issues.

Employment and Racism

While instances of racism on university campuses have declined since 2016, the study found that discrimination persists, particularly in housing and job hunting. In 2016, 14% of students strongly agreed and 21% agreed that they had encountered racism at university. By 2024, only 13.5% of students reported similar experiences. However, students continue to face discrimination when seeking employment, with some reporting that employers exploit their limited work options.

The lack of co-op programs, work-integrated learning, and experiential opportunities remains a major concern for international students. Many see these programs as essential for gaining Canadian work experience and improving their prospects for post-graduation employment. The Canadian Bureau for International Education found that 70% of international students plan to apply for post-graduate work permits, while 57% intend to seek permanent residency. Without sufficient work opportunities, many students struggle to build a stable future in Canada.

Perspectives on Internationalisation

The study also explored students’ perceptions of “internationalisation,” a concept used by universities and policymakers to promote Canada as a global, multicultural society. Responses highlighted three key themes: cross-cultural exchange, mutual learning, and personal growth through international experiences. These perspectives were shared across different nationalities and genders, indicating a broad consensus on the value of international education.

Policy Implications and Recommendations

With Canada’s immigration targets set to decrease from 485,000 in 2024 to 365,000 by 2027, international students face growing uncertainty about their futures. Public support for immigration has also declined, with 58% of Canadians believing the country accepts too many immigrants—a 31-point increase since 2022.

To address these challenges, the study recommends:

1. Increasing Scholarships – Expanding financial aid for students from marginalized regions can help ease financial burdens and attract diverse talent.
2. Enhancing Support Services – Establishing program-specific student support centers and peer mentoring can improve student experiences.
3. Expanding Work-Integrated Learning – More co-op and internship opportunities can help students gain relevant experience and transition successfully into the workforce.
4. Addressing Housing Discrimination – Policymakers must implement stronger regulations to prevent discriminatory practices in the rental market.

Maintaining Canada’s Reputation as a Welcoming Destination

International students play a crucial role in Canada’s economy, culture, and workforce. To maintain its status as a desirable destination for global talent, Canada must balance economic interests with social and academic outcomes. Global citizenship education and policy reforms that prioritize student well-being will be essential in shaping a more inclusive and supportive environment.

In the context of shifting global politics—including heightened anti-immigration rhetoric in the United States under Donald Trump’s second presidency—Canada has an opportunity to reaffirm its commitment to diversity and inclusion. Understanding and addressing the concerns of international students will be key to ensuring that Canada remains a welcoming destination for future generations of global learners.